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La Ferme générale avait mauvaise presse sous l’Ancien Régime et sa suppression en 1790 a répondu à un vœu unanime. De nos jours, son évocation suscite encore des réactions négatives ; on y voit surtout l’origine de fortunes privées, scandaleusement bâties sur la concession par l’État de la collecte de l’impôt. Les études menées à partir des sources disponibles nous éloignent de ces jugements partiels. Elles révèlent que la célèbre (et vilipendée) compagnie financière fut en son temps un modèle administratif et quelle peut être considérée comme la « mère » des services financiers modernes : son mode de gestion du personnel, en matière de retraites notamment, le fonctionnement de ses services centraux, préfiguration des grandes directions ministérielles, ses rapports avec le Contrôle général des Finances sont autant d’illustrations de cette modernité. Ainsi, l’histoire administrative peut-elle gagner à l’approfondissement de nos connaissances sur la vie des services de la Ferme, en particulier de ses services extérieurs qui, par leurs effectifs et par leur implantation sur tout le Royaume, occupent une place de premier rang dans l’appareil administratif de l’Ancien Régime. « L’histoire financière est une histoire difficile, compliquée à souhait, pleine de contradictions, surtout lorsqu’elle s’intéresse à l’Ancien Régime. Les pièges y sont multiples et l’on ne saurait être trop circonspect lorsqu’on y travaille. Branche de l’histoire administrative, elle est une discipline carrefour, à la croisée de l’histoire institutionnelle, de l’histoire économique, de l’histoire du droit, de l’histoire sociale... Histoire éclectique, elle ne possède pas de méthode qui lui soit propre, mais emprunte à toutes les autres. Elle exige tout particulièrement souplesse, doigté, sagesse. Toutes qualités que l’ouvrage de Jean Clinquart met en valeur. Par le miracle d’archives municipales, pas même départementales, que personne n’avait songé à classer ni à inventorier, ressurgit toute la…
Taxation --- History. --- France. --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Ferme générale (France) --- Fermiers généraux des fermes royales unies (France) --- Ancien Régime --- economic and financial history --- France
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Ferdinand Foch ended the First World War as Marshal of France and supreme commander of the Allied armies on the Western Front. Foch in Command is a pioneering study of his contribution to the Allied victory. Elizabeth Greenhalgh uses contemporary notebooks, letters and documents from previously under-studied archives to chart how the artillery officer, who had never commanded troops in battle when the war began, learned to fight the enemy, to cope with difficult colleagues and allies, and to manoeuvre through the political minefield of civil-military relations. She offers valuable insights into neglected questions: the contribution of unified command to the Allied victory; the role of a commander's general staff; and the mechanisms of command at corps and army level. She demonstrates how an energetic Foch developed war-winning strategies for a modern industrial war and how political realities contributed to his losing the peace.
Marshals --- Generals --- World War, 1914-1918 --- Command of troops --- Maréchaux --- Généraux --- Première guerre mondiale --- Commandement des troupes --- Biography --- Campaigns --- Biographies --- Campagnes et batailles --- Foch, Ferdinand, --- Military leadership. --- France. --- Maréchaux --- Généraux --- Première guerre mondiale --- Foch, Ferdinand --- Fūsh, Firdīnānd, --- France combattante. --- Arts and Humanities --- History
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If history is written by the victors, can we really know Hannibal, whose portrait we see through the eyes of his Roman conquerors? Hannibal lived a life of incredible feats of daring and survival, massive military engagements, and ultimate defeat. A citizen of Carthage and military commander in Punic Spain, he famously marched his war elephants and huge army over the Alps into Rome's own heartland to fight the Second Punic War. Yet the Romans were the ultimate victors. They eventually captured and destroyed Carthage, and thus it was they who wrote the legend of Hannibal: a brilliant and worthy enemy whose defeat represented military glory for Rome. In this groundbreaking biography Eve MacDonald expands the memory of Hannibal beyond his military feats and tactics. She considers him in the wider context of the society and vibrant culture of Carthage which shaped him and his family, employing archaeological findings and documentary sources not only from Rome but also the wider Mediterranean world of the third century B.C. MacDonald also analyzes Hannibal's legend over the millennia, exploring how statuary, Jacobean tragedy, opera, nineteenth-century fiction, and other depictions illuminate the character of one of the most fascinating military personalities in all of history.
Generals --- Punic War, 2nd, 218-201 B.C. --- Généraux --- Guerre punique, 2e, 218-201 av. J.-C. --- Biography --- Biographies --- Hannibal, --- Rome --- Carthage (Extinct city) --- Carthage (Ville ancienne) --- History --- History. --- Histoire --- Généraux --- Hannibal --- Punic wars --- ʼAnibāl, --- Annibal, --- Annibale, --- Annibas, --- Gannibal, --- Ḥanibaʻal, --- Hanībaʻl, --- חניבעל, --- هنيبال --- Influence. --- Military leadership. --- هيني بال
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Presidents --- Generals --- Regions & Countries - Americas --- History & Archaeology --- United States - General --- Biography --- Présidents --- Généraux --- Biographies --- Biographie --- Grant, Ulysses S. --- United States. --- Biography. --- United States --- Etats-Unis --- History --- Campaigns. --- Histoire --- Campagnes et batailles --- Grant, Sam, --- Grant, Hiram Ulysses, --- Grant, Ulysses Simpson, --- Grant, U. S. --- 格蘭氏, --- U.S. Army --- US Army
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"Lawton served the country nearly uninterrupted from the day he enlisted at age 18--soon after President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to fight in the Civil War, where he earned a Medal of Honor-to his death at age 56, a major general in the Philippine War. In between, he fought in the Indian Wars in Texas, the Northern Plains and the Arizona Territory. It was during this time that he rose to national prominence as the man who captured Geronimo following a grueling, nonstop, four-month pursuit deep into Mexico."--Jacket.
Generals --- Indians of North America --- Généraux --- Generals. --- Indians of North America. --- Lawton, Henry Ware, --- Geronimo, --- 1800-1902 --- Philippines --- Philippines. --- United States. --- History --- Histoire --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Armed Forces --- Indigenous peoples --- Ethnology --- Industries --- Officers --- Culture --- Lawton, H. W. --- Goyahkla, --- Goyakla, --- Goyathlay, --- Hieronymo, --- One Who Yawns, --- Goyaałé, --- Goyathle, --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- É.-U. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- ÉU --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA --- United States --- Commonwealth of the Philippines --- Feilübin --- Filibbīn --- Filipinas --- Filippine --- Filippiny --- Firipin --- Philippine Islands --- Philippinen --- Pilipinas --- Pʻillipʻin --- Republic of the Philippines --- Republika ng Pilipinas --- RP
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